EDITOR’S NOTE (Nick Stamatakis). I consider myself fortunate to have spoken on the phone with Fr. Georgios Metyallinos several times over the last 2-3 years of his life… I had heard of him and was following some of his writings, but getting to know him was a true privilege. I have to say that I was surprised to have received the first call from him: he wanted to praise me for some of my articles in the newspaper “Dimokratia”, where I was writing for a year or so… A professor of Theology at the University of Athens he was uniquely knowledgeable on the relationship between Ancient Greek Philosophy and Christianity (his biography here). This article is the culmination of his rich thinking process…
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Christianity and Hellenism in Their Encounter
The union of Hellenism — in the persons of genuine seekers of Truth — with Christianity, as the incarnation of the Absolute Truth in the God-man Jesus Christ, began with the Hellenists in Palestine (the “seven” deacons were Hellenists, as their Greek names indicate: Stephen, Nicholas, Timon, Parmenas, Philip, Prochorus, Nicanor). The most important of them, particularly in terms of Greek education, was the Apostle Paul. His great contribution lies in the fact that — mainly through him — Christianity avoided the danger of becoming a “Jewish sect,” emerging instead as a universal reality. Hence he was rightly called “the Apostle to the Nations,” that is, the Apostle of the Gentile (Greek) world.
After 70 AD (the destruction of Jerusalem by the Roman emperor Titus), the “Hellenization” of the Church was accomplished, since the Greek element literally took over the administration and responsibility of the Christian communities, and the Greek language became the principal instrument of ecclesiastical preaching — to such an extent that from then on, Hellenism and Christianity (later Orthodoxy) became inseparable realities.
The term Helleno-Orthodoxy — or more precisely Orthodoxy — expresses this indissoluble union through the centuries. For whatever noble and timeless elements Hellenism possessed were preserved within its union with Christianity. Thus there can no longer be any Hellenism outside Christianity — except as a fall or failure (this is what “heresy” expresses), or as an obsession with antiquity.
The Expressions of Greekness That Are Fulfilled in Life in Christ
Authentic Greekness embodies existential elements that form the foundation of world civilization — of every society that wants to call itself truly human, that is, civilized. Christianity assumed these elements, since Christ “did not come to abolish, but to fulfill” (Matt. 5:17). He integrated them into His own being, transforming them into divine life. This precisely marks the superiority of Christianity over Greek humanism. Within uncreated divine Grace, the spiritual aspirations of Greekness — which reached even to the desire for “deification” (“becoming like God”) — acquire their true meaning and become reality in the union of man with the God-Man Christ.
Thus, from the “noble and good” or “wise” man of Greek philosophy, Greekness in Christ ascends to the “holy man,” deified by grace — becoming by grace what God is by nature (uncreated, immortal, eternal).
This remains the essential mark of the Greek Orthodox Christian — indeed, of every Orthodox believer: the longing for Grace and the possibility of union with uncreated Divine Grace. This, ultimately, is Orthodoxy. Wherever this movement toward the Uncreated — toward Divine Grace — is absent, Orthodoxy is lost.
Expressions of Greekness That Are Validated in Life in Christ
a) Religiosity as God-centeredness:
The Greek, throughout history, has had a theocentric existence. Atheism was unknown in ancient Hellenism (it was imported in recent centuries from Western Europe). The earliest Greek writings, the Homeric epics, celebrate the dialogue between God and man — a theme that philosophical thought later elevated into a redemptive quest. Thus St. Paul called the Athenians “very religious” (deisidaimonestatoi, Acts 17:22) — that is, “most devout” — because everything in Athens testified to their desperate search for the True God (“the Unknown God”), who as Jesus Christ would be revealed to them by Paul.
b) Morality as Humanism:
Ancient Greek literature, especially tragedy, exalts humanistic values that make man authentic and genuine (“A man is delightful when he is truly a man,” said Menander). “All of Homer’s poetry is a hymn to virtue,” observed the Christian Greek St. Basil the Great (d. 379). Greek values took on universal significance and still educate the world. Christian Hellenism taught humanity how these values become life through divine Grace, overcoming the old pessimistic saying “It is not easy to change an evil nature” with the Christian confession “I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me” (Phil. 4:13).
c) The Consciousness of Unity and Universality:
The ancient Greek affirmed every aspect of life, striving to form the “universal” and “whole” man — something magnificently expressed at Delphi. There, the temple (reference to the Divine), the theatre (education of the soul), and the stadium (training of the body) all contributed to shaping the complete human being. This divinely inspired Greek consciousness finds its liturgical expression in Christianity: “Let us commend ourselves and one another and our whole life unto Christ our God.” Deification concerns the entire human being — body and soul.

d) The Search for Truth:
The essential trait of Greek thought is the “search for truth.” Clement of Alexandria summarized all Greek philosophy in that phrase, adding that Truth is the One who said, “I am the Truth” (John 14:6) — Christ as “Truth Itself.” The depiction of ancient Greek philosophers (Heraclitus, Thales, Plato, etc.) in Byzantine church narthexes was the Christian validation of this search (“as forerunners who announced the coming of Christ”). Thus Fr. Georges Florovsky rightly said: “We cannot become Christians unless we first become Greeks,” highlighting this virtue of Hellenism — the quest for Truth. And Christ Himself said, “He who seeks shall find” (Matt. 7:8).
e) The Understanding of the Limits of Reason:
Authentic Hellenism recognizes the limits of human reason. It never knew Western rationalism (which began with Augustine’s Credo ut intelligam — “I believe that I may understand” — and culminated with Descartes’ Cogito ergo sum — “I think, therefore I am”). Thus the human intellect was never deified in Greece (as raison was in the French Revolution). The Greek condemns human absolutism as hubris (as shown in tragedy). Hence, Hellenism advanced by transcending itself in submission to the Uncreated Triune God, distinguishing between divine knowledge (of the Uncreated) and human knowledge (of the created). Christian wisdom is thus primarily the quest for divine, uncreated Grace — deification — as humanity’s eternal destiny.
f) The Social Understanding of Truth:
Despite tendencies toward individualism, the Greek never lost his communal nature — not only as a will for communication (as in the symposium or Christian panigyri), but as an existential sharing in reality. From Heraclitus, who said “When we share things with others, then we truly live,” the Greek as Christian experienced communion — common participation in the goods of life, overcoming individualism. Hence, Greek civilization could never genuinely embrace materialistic systems (capitalism, socialism, Marxist communism), except when externally imposed. Even modern pseudo-urbanization and pseudo-socialization affirm the unchanging communal character of Greek consciousness.
g) The Receptive and Transformative Power:
The Greek, both ancient and Christian, affirms the other’s distinctness, rejecting no one. He receives from every people whatever can enrich his own spiritual treasure, but always transforms it, adapting it to his own nature. As Plato wrote in the Epinomis: “Whatever the Greeks take from the barbarians, they perfect it more beautifully.” This dynamic creativity has characterized Hellenism through the ages.
h) Universality:
Hellenism, from its earliest colonies, never withdrew into isolation nor expanded through conquest like the European colonial “conquistadors.” Hellenism does not enslave — it liberates, glorifying itself with others. Greek universality, grounded in culture (Alexander the Great), was transformed into Christian Universality through the Christianization of the Roman Empire (Constantine the Great). Both Alexander and Constantine affirmed the diversity of other peoples while uniting them — the former through culture, the latter through faith. Thus, authentic Hellenism never fell into racial discrimination. Knowing himself, the Greek recognized also the non-Greek, making him a fellow Greek and spiritual brother. As Isocrates said, the essence of being Greek is Greek education; so too the Apostle Peter proclaimed that “in every nation, whoever fears God and works righteousness is acceptable to Him” (Acts 10:35). The grace of Pentecost, into which Hellenism was baptized, unites all humanity “into oneness,” abolishing every division born of sin. Within the Body of Christ — the Church — Hellenism fraternizes with all peoples: “There is neither Greek nor Jew” (Col. 3:11).
The Christian Greek
These are the essential traits of authentic Greekness (the inauthentic form is graeculism), which was fulfilled in Christianity as Orthodoxy. These are also the universal redemptive messages offered by Christian-Orthodox Hellenism to the modern world — the contribution of Hellenism to humanity, fulfilled in Christ as the “new” (renewed, reborn) man and the “new” human community: a man of Grace capable of building a society of holiness — of selflessness, equality, brotherhood, and justice.
Here lies the fallacy of two contemporary tendencies. First, the “graeculic universalism,” which seeks to level all nations — denying their distinct identities — to create a “New Age” global society, which would in fact mean the triumph of the Western lifestyle as a new colonial tyranny under a deadly uniformity. Orthodox Hellenism, however, has its own meaning of life — an Orthodox interpretation that preserves the authentic relationship between the human person and the community, something envisioned by Plato in his Parmenides and realized by the Greek Christian within the Body of Christ — the Church.
The person finds fulfillment within the Church of the Saints, and the community (the Church) exists as a communion of deified persons — true personalities.
Another negation of Hellenism today is the obsessive “archaeolatry” — the revival of the emperor Julian’s (361 AD) attempt to separate Hellenism from Orthodoxy, wrongly seeing the latter as a “Jewish sect.” Yet, as we saw, the Apostle Paul already liberated Christianity from Pharisaic Judaism by uniting it with Hellenism. An “ancient Hellenism,” as imagined by modern neo-pagans, cannot exist anymore without the suicide of Hellenism — which was and is glorified in Orthodoxy. Orthodox Hellenism, united with the incarnate Truth in Christ, continues to illumine the world redemptively, giving meaning to existence and history in its own way — and thus offering its own path of life and salvation.
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π. Γεώργιος Μεταλληνός – Χριστιανισμὸς καὶ Ἑλληνικότητα στὴν συνάντησή τους
(Ἑλληνισμὸς καὶ Ὀρθοδοξία, Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Παράδοση: Ρίζωμα καὶ προοπτική, 2000)
Ἡ ἕνωση τοῦ Ἑλληνισμοῦ, στὰ πρόσωπα τῶν γνήσιων ἀναζητητῶν τῆς Ἀλήθειας, μὲ τὸν Χριστιανισμό, ὡς ἐνσάρκωση τῆς Παναλήθειας στὸν Θεάνθρωπο Ἰησοῦ Χριστό, ἄρχισε μὲ τοὺς Ἑλληνιστὲς στὴν Παλαιστίνη (ἑλληνιστὲς ἦσαν καὶ οἱ «ἑπτά» – διάκονοι – πρβλ. τὰ ἑλληνικὰ ὀνόματά τους: Στέφανος, Νικόλαος, Τίμων, Παρμενᾶς, Φίλιππος, Πρόχορος, Νικάνωρ) ὁ σημαντικότερος ἀπὸ τοὺς ὁποίους, ἀπὸ πλευρᾶς κυρίως ἑλληνικῆς παιδείας, ἦταν ὁ Ἀπ. Παῦλος. Ἡ μεγάλη συμβολή του ἐντοπίζεται στὸ γεγονός, ὅτι – μέσῳ κυρίως αὐτοῦ – ὁ Χριστιανισμὸς ἀπέφυγε τὸν κίνδυνο νὰ γίνει μία «Ἰουδαϊκὴ αἵρεση», ἀναδεικνυόμενος σὲ παγκόσμια ὑπόθεση, ὁ ἴδιος δὲ δίκαια θὰ ὀνομασθεῖ «ἀπόστολος τῶν ἐθνῶν», ὁ κατεξοχὴν δηλαδὴ ἀπόστολος τοῦ ἐθνικοῦ (ἑλληνικοῦ) κόσμου.
Ἀπὸ τὸ 70 μ.Χ. (καταστροφὴ τῆς Ἱερουσαλὴμ ἀπὸ τὸν ρωμαῖο αὐτοκράτορα Τίτο) θὰ συντελεσθεῖ ἡ «ἐλληνοποίηση» τῆς Ἐκκλησίας, ἀφοῦ τὸ ἑλληνικὸ στοιχεῖο θὰ πάρει κυριολεκτικὰ στὰ χέρια του τὴν διοίκηση καὶ εὐθύνη τῶν χριστιανικῶν κοινοτήτων, ἡ ἑλληνικὴ δὲ γλῶσσα θὰ ἀποβεῖ τὸ κύριο ὄργανο τοῦ ἐκκλησιαστικοῦ κηρύγματος, σὲ σημεῖο, ποὺ ἔκτοτε, νὰ εἶναι ἀχώριστα πιὰ μεγέθη Ἑλληνισμὸς καὶ Χριστιανισμὸς (ἀργότερα: Ὀρθοδοξία).
Ὁ ὅρος Ἑλληνορθοδοξία ἢ καλύτερα ΟΡΘΟΔΟΞΙΑ, σημαίνει στοὺς αἰῶνες αὐτὴ τὴν ἀκατάλυτη πιὰ ἕνωση. Διότι, ὅ,τι ἐκλεκτὸ καὶ διαχρονικὸ στοιχεῖο διέθετε ὁ Ἑλληνισμός, σώθηκε μέσα στὴν ἕνωσή του μὲ τὸν Χριστιανισμό, ὥστε νὰ μὴν ὑπάρχει πιὰ Ἑλληνισμὸς ἔξω ἀπὸ τὸν Χριστιανισμό, παρὰ ὡς πτώση καὶ ἀποτυχία (αὐτὸ ἐκφράζει ἡ αἵρεση), ἡ ἀρχαιοπληξία.
Οἱ ἐκφράσεις τῆς Ἑλληνικότητας, ποὺ καταξιώνονται μέσα στὴν ἐν Χριστῷ ὕπαρξη
Ἡ αὐθεντικὴ Ἑλληνικότητα ἐνσαρκώνει στοιχεῖα ὑπαρκτικά, ποὺ συνιστοῦν τὸ θεμέλιο τοῦ παγκοσμίου πολιτισμοῦ, κάθε κοινωνίας, ποὺ θέλει νὰ λέγεται ἀληθινὰ ἀνθρώπινη, δηλαδὴ πολιτισμένη. Αὐτὰ τὰ στοιχεῖα προσέλαβε ὁ Χριστιανισμός, ἀφοῦ ὁ Χριστὸς δὲν «ἦλθε καταλύσαι, ἀλλὰ πληρῶσαι» (Ματθ. 5,17), τὰ ἐνσωμάτωσε στὴ δική του ὕπαρξη, μεταβάλλοντάς τα σὲ θεία ζωή. Διότι σ᾿ αὐτὸ ἀκριβῶς ἔγκειται ἡ ὑπεροχὴ τοῦ Χριστιανισμοῦ ἔναντι τοῦ ἑλληνικοῦ ἀνθρωπισμοῦ. Μέσα στὴν ἄκτιστη θεία Χάρη οἱ πνευματικὲς ἀνατάσεις τῆς Ἑλληνικότητας, ποὺ ἔφθαναν ὡς τὸν πόθο τῆς «θεώσεως» («ὁμοιωθῆναι Θεῷ»), λαμβάνουν τὸ ἀληθινὸ νόημά τους καὶ γίνονται πραγματικότητα στὴν ἕνωση τοῦ ἀνθρώπου μὲ τὸν Θεάνθρωπο Χριστό.
Ἔτσι, ἀπὸ τὸν «καλὸν κἀγαθὸν» ἢ «σοφὸν» ἄνθρωπο τῆς ἑλληνικῆς φιλοσοφίας ἀνέρχεται ἐν Χριστῷ ἡ Ἑλληνικότητα στὸν «ἅγιον ἄνθρωπο», τὸν κατὰ χάριν θεούμενο, ποὺ γίνεται δηλαδὴ κατὰ χάριν ὅ,τι ὃ Θεὸς εἶναι ἀπὸ τὴν φύση Του (ἄκτιστος, ἀθάνατος, αἰώνιος).
Αὐτό, ἄλλωστε, εἶναι ὡς σήμερα τὸ οὐσιαστικὸ γνώρισμα τοῦ Ἕλληνα Ὀρθοδόξου Χριστιανοῦ, ἀλλὰ καὶ γενικὰ κάθε Ὀρθοδόξου πιστοῦ, ἡ ζήτηση Χάρης καὶ ἡ δυνατότητα ἕνωσης μὲ τὴν ἄκτιστη Θεία Χάρη. Αὐτό, σὲ τελευταία ἀνάλυση, εἶναι ἡ Ὀρθοδοξία. Ὅπου ἀπουσιάζει αὐτὴ ἡ κίνηση πρὸς τὸ Ἄκτιστο, τὴν Θεία Χάρη, ἐκεῖ χάνεται καὶ ἡ Ὀρθοδοξία.
Ποιὲς εἶναι λοιπόν, οἱ ἐκφράσεις τῆς Ἑλληνικότητας, ποὺ καταξιώνονται μέσα στὴν ἐν Χριστῷ ὕπαρξη καὶ συνιστοῦν ὁδηγητικὰ φῶτα τῆς παγκόσμιας κοινωνίας;

α) ἡ θρησκευτικότητα ὡς θεοκεντρικότητα:
Ὁ Ἕλληνας, ὅσο εἶναι γνωστὰ τὰ ἴχνη του στὴν Ἱστορία, ἔχει θεοκεντρικὴ ὕπαρξη. Ἀθεΐα στὸν ἀρχαῖο Ἑλληνισμὸ εἶναι ἄγνωστη (θὰ μᾶς εἰσαχθεῖ στοὺς τελευταίους αἰῶνες ἀπὸ τὴν δυτικὴ Εὐρώπη). Τὰ ἀρχαιότερα ἑλληνικὰ γραπτὰ κείμενα, τὰ ὁμηρικὰ ἔπη, εἶναι θριαμβευτικὴ καταξίωση τοῦ διαλόγου Θεοῦ – ἀνθρώπου, κάτι ποὺ μέσα στὴ διεργασία τῆς φιλοσοφικῆς σκέψης θὰ ἀναχθεῖ σὲ λυτρωτικὴ ζήτηση, ἀνεξάρτητα ἀπὸ τὸ περιεχόμενό της.
Γι᾿ αὐτὸ ὁ Ἀπ. Παῦλος θὰ ὀνομάσει τοὺς Ἀθηναίους-Ἕλληνες τῆς ἐποχῆς του «δεισιδαιμονεστάτους» (Πράξ. 17, 22), δηλαδὴ «εὐσεβέστατους», διότι τὰ πάντα στὴν Ἀθήνα μαρτυροῦσαν τὴν ἀπεγνωσμένη ζήτηση τοῦ Ἀληθινοῦ Θεοῦ (τοῦ «ἀγνώστου Θεοῦ»), ποὺ ὡς Χριστὸς Ἰησοῦς θὰ τοὺς γίνει γνωστὸς ἀπὸ τὸν Ἀπ. Παῦλο.
β) ἡ ἠθικότητα ὡς ἀνθρωπισμός:
Ἡ ἀρχαία ἑλληνικὴ λογοτεχνία, καὶ μάλιστα ἡ τραγῳδία, εἶναι ἡ προβολὴ τῶν ἀνθρωπιστικῶν ἀξιῶν, ποὺ κάνουν τὸν ἄνθρωπο αὐθεντικὸ καὶ γνήσιο (πρβλ. τὸ λόγο τοῦ Μενάνδρου : «Ἢ χαρῆεν ἄνθρωπος, ὅταν ἄνθρωπος ᾖ»).
«Πᾶσα ἡ ποίησις Ὁμήρου ἀρετῆς ἐστιν ἔπαινος» – θὰ παρατηρήσει ὁ Χριστιανὸς – Ἕλληνας Μέγας Βασίλειος (379). Οἱ ἀρχαιοελληνικὲς ἀξίες θὰ λάβουν πανανθρώπινη ἐμβέλεια καὶ θὰ «παιδεύουν» ὡς σήμερα τὸν κόσμο. Ὁ Χριστιανικὸς Ἑλληνισμὸς θὰ διδάξει τὴν ἀνθρωπότητα, πῶς οἱ ἀξίες γίνονται ζωὴ μέσα στὴν ἀκατανίκητη δύναμη τῆς θείας χάρης, σὲ σημεῖο, ποὺ ἡ σχετικὰ ἀπαισιόδοξη ἐκείνη ἀρχαιοελληνικὴ ρήση: «οὐ ῥάδιον φύσιν πονηρὰν μεταβαλεῖν» νὰ ξεπερασθεῖ στὴ χριστιανικὴ ὁμολογία: «πάντα ἰσχύω ἐν τῷ ἐνδυναμοῦντί με Χριστῷ» (Φιλ. δ´ 13).
γ) ἡ συνείδηση τῆς ἑνότητας καὶ καθολικότητάς της
Ὁ ἀρχαῖος Ἕλληνας καταφάσκει ὅλες τὶς ὄψεις τοῦ βίου, θέλοντας νὰ μορφώσει τὸν «καθολικό» καὶ «ἑνιαῖο» ἄνθρωπο, κάτι ποὺ μεγαλειωδῶς ἀποκαλύπτεται στὸ ἐπισημότερο κέντρο τῆς ἑλληνικότητας, τοὺς Δελφούς. Στὸ πρῶτο ἐπίπεδο εἶναι τὰ ἱερά, ἡ ἀναφορὰ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου στὸ «Θεῖο», ὡς πηγὴ δύναμης καὶ ζωῆς. Στὸ δεύτερο βρίσκεται τὸ θέατρο, ὁ χῶρος τῆς ψυχικῆς παιδείας τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, καὶ στὸ τρίτο τὸ στάδιο, ὁ χῶρος διάπλασης τοῦ σώματος, γιὰ νὰ συμπράττει καὶ αὐτὸ στὴν πραγμάτωση τοῦ ὅλου ἀνθρώπου ὡς ἀνθρώπου. Ἡ θεοκίνητη ὅμως αὕτη ἑλληνικὴ συνείδηση βρίσκει στὸν Χριστιανισμὸ τὴν λειτουργικὴ ἔκφρασή της: «Ἑαυτοὺς καὶ ἀλλήλους, καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν ζωὴν ἡμῶν Χριστῷ τῷ Θεῷ παραθώμεθα». Ἡ θέωση ἀναφέρεται σ᾿ ὅλο τὸν ἄνθρωπο (σῶμα καὶ ψυχή) καὶ σ᾿ ὅλη τὴν ὕπαρξή του.
δ) ἡ ζήτησις τῆς ἀληθείας
Οὐσιαστικὸ γνώρισμα τῆς ἑλληνικῆς σκέψης εἶναι ἡ «ζήτησις τῆς ἀληθείας». Σ᾿ αὐτὴ τὴν φράση συγκεφαλαιώνει ὅλη τὴν Ἑλληνικὴ Φιλοσοφία ὁ Ἀθηναῖος(;) Κλήμης ὁ Ἄλεξανδρευς (215 μ.Χ.). Γιὰ νὰ συμπληρώσει, ὅτι «Ἀλήθεια» εἶναι Αὐτός, ποὺ εἶπε γιὰ τὸν ἑαυτό Του ὅτι εἶναι ἡ ἀλήθεια (Ἰω. 14,6), ὁ Χριστὸς ὡς «Αὐτοαλήθεια». Ἡ παράσταση Ἑλλήνων ἀρχαίων φιλοσόφων (Ἡρακλείτου, Θαλῆ, Πλάτωνος κ.λπ.) στοὺς νάρθηκες τῶν χριστιανικῶν ἐκκλησιῶν στὸ Βυζάντιο / Ῥωμανία εἶναι ἡ χριστιανικὴ καταξίωση αὐτῆς τῆς ἀναζήτησης («ὡς προειπόντες τὴν ἔλευσιν Χριστοῦ»). Δίκαια ὁ π. Γεώργιος Φλωρόφσκυ συνήθιζε νὰ λέγει, ὅτι «δὲν μποροῦμε νὰ γίνουμε χριστιανοί, ἂν δὲν γίνουμε πρῶτα Ἕλληνες», ὑπογραμμίζοντας ἔτσι αὐτὴ τὴν ἀρετὴ τοῦ Ἑλληνισμοῦ (πρβλ. Α´ Κορ. 1,22), τὴν ζήτηση τῆς Ἀλήθειας. Εἶναι δὲ λόγος τοῦ Χριστοῦ, ὅτι «ὁ ζητῶν εὑρίσκει» (Ματθ. 7,8).
ε) ἡ κατανόηση τῶν ὁρίων τοῦ λόγου
Βασικὸ γνώρισμα τῆς αὐθεντικῆς Ἑλληνικότητας εἶναι ἡ κατανόηση τῶν ὁρίων τοῦ λόγου: Ποτὲ ὁ Ἑλληνισμὸς δὲν γνώρισε τὴν δυτικοευρωπαϊκὴ νοησιαρχία (ἀρχίζει μὲ τὸν Αὐγουστίνο: Credo ut intelligam – πιστεύω γιὰ νὰ κατανοήσω, καὶ ὁλοκληρώνεται στὸν Καρτέσιο: Cogito ergo sum – σκέπτομαι ἄρα ὑπάρχω = ταύτιση τῆς ὕπαρξης μὲ τὴν σκέψη, διάνοια). Γι᾿ αὐτὸ καὶ στὸν Ἑλληνισμὸ δὲν αὐτοθεοποιήθηκε ἡ ἀνθρώπινη διάνοια (Ἡ λογική/ raison θὰ θεοποιηθεῖ στὴ Γαλλικὴ ἐπανάσταση). Ὁ Ἕλληνας γνωρίζει τὰ ὅρια τοῦ ἀνθρωπίνου λόγου καὶ γι᾿ αὐτὸ καταδικάζει τὴν ἀνθρώπινη ἀπολυτότητα ὡς «ὕβριν» (Τραγῳδία). Ἔτσι, θὰ προχωρήσει ὁ Ἑλληνισμός, μὲ μιὰ ὑπέροχη αὐθυπέρβαση, στὴν αὐθυπόταξή του στὸν Ἄκτιστο Τριαδικὸ Θεὸ καὶ τὴν διάκριση τῆς «Θείας γνώσης» (τοῦ Ἀκτίστου) – ἀπὸ τὴν γνώση τοῦ κτιστοῦ (ἀνθρώπινη γνώση- σοφία). Ἔτσι διαφοροποιεῖται ριζικὰ ἡ θεία γνώση ἀπὸ τὴν ἀνθρώπινη – κτιστὴ γνώση (ἐπιστήμη) καὶ ἀποσαφηνίζεται ἡ οὐσία τοῦ χριστιανισμοῦ ὡς ζήτησης, κατὰ πρῶτο καὶ κύριο λόγο, τῆς θείας σοφίας – τῆς ἄκτιστης χάρης (θεώσεως) ὡς αἰώνιου προορισμοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου.
ζ) ἡ κοινωνικὴ ἀντίληψη τῆς ἀλήθειας
Ὁ Ἕλληνας, παρὰ τὶς ἀτομοκρατικές του τάσεις, δὲν χάνει τὸν κοινωνικό του χαρακτῆρα, ὄχι μόνο ὡς θέληση κοινωνίας (ἐπικοινωνίας) μὲ τὸν συνάνθρωπο (πρβλ. τὸ ἑλληνικότατο «συμπόσιο» ἢ τὸ χριστιανικὸ πανηγύρι), ἀλλὰ καὶ ὡς ἀνάγκη ἐμπειρικῆς «μετοχῆς» στὴν πραγματικότητα. Ἔτσι ἀπὸ τὸν σοφὸ Ἡράκλειτο, ποὺ διακήρυττε, ὅτι «ὅταν μοιραζόμαστε τὰ πράγματα μὲ τοὺς ἄλλους, τότε ζοῦμε ἀληθινά», μπόρεσε ὁ Ἕλληνας ὡς χριστιανὸς νὰ βιώσει τὴν ἀνάγκη «κοινωνίας» – κοινῆς μετοχῆς στὰ ἀγαθὰ (ὑπέρβαση τοῦ ἀτομισμοῦ). Ποτὲ ὁ Ἑλληνισμὸς δὲν θὰ ἔφθανε στὴν παραδοχὴ κοινωνικῶν συστημάτων, ποὺ πηγάζουν ἀπὸ τὸ ὑλοκρατικὸ φρόνημα (καπιταλισμός, σοσιαλισμός, μαρξιστικὸς κομμουνισμός), ἂν δὲν εἰσάγονταν στανικὰ στὴ ζωή του. Ἡ νόθα ἀστικοποίηση (καθ. Βασ. Φίλιας) καὶ ἡ «νόθα σοσιαλιστικοποίηση» τῆς ἑλληνικῆς πραγματικότητας βεβαιώνει τὸ ἀμετάβλητό της ἑλληνικῆς συνείδησης στὴν «κοινωνικότητά» της.
ζ) ἡ προσληπτικὴ καὶ μετασκευαστικὴ δύναμη
Ὁ Ἕλληνας καὶ ὡς ἀρχαῖος καὶ ὡς Χριστιανός, καταφάσκει τὴν ἑτερότητα τοῦ ἀλλοῦ, δὲν ἀπορρίπτει κανένα. Παραλαμβάνει γι᾿ αὐτὸ ἀπὸ κάθε λαὸ ὅ,τι μπορεῖ νὰ αὐξήσει τὴν δική του πνευματικὴ περιουσία. Τὰ ὁποιαδήποτε ὅμως δάνεια τὰ ἐπιλέγει ἀνάλογα μὲ τὸ δικό του, ἀναζητώντας ὁμοούσια στοιχεῖα τῆς ταυτότητάς του, ποὺ γι᾿ αὐτὸ δὲν τὴν ἀλλοιώνουν. Γι᾿ αὐτὸ πιστεύουμε, ὅτι ὁ Ἕλληνας στὸ βάθος δὲν ἀλλάζει καὶ γι᾿ αὐτὸ δὲν χάνεται. Ὅ,τι προσλάβει ὁ Ἕλληνας ἀπὸ τοὺς ἄλλους, τὸ «μετασκευάζει», τὸ προσαρμόζει στὸ δικό του καὶ τὸ μεταμορφώνει σύμφωνα μὲ τὸ δικό του. Εἶναι γνωστὴ ἡ σχετικὴ διατύπωση τοῦ Πλάτωνος στὴν Ἐπινομίδα του: «ὅ,τιπερ Ἕλληνες βαρβάρων (τῶν μὴ Ἑλλήνων) λάβωσι, κάλλιον τοῦτο εἰς τέλος ἀπεργάζονται». Αὐτὸς εἶναι ὁ δυναμισμὸς τῆς ἑλληνικότητας σ᾿ ὅλους τοὺς αἰῶνες. Ἡ ἀναγνώριση ὅμως τῆς ἀξίας τοῦ ἄλλου εἶναι τὸ θεμέλιό της ἀκόλουθης ἑλληνοχριστιανικῆς ἀρετῆς.
η) ἡ Οἰκουμενικότητα
Ποτὲ ὁ Ἑλληνισμός, ἤδη ἀπὸ τὶς ἀρχαῖες ἀποικίες του, δὲν κλείσθηκε σὲ κάποιο γκέττο. Οὔτε ἁπλώθηκε στὸν κόσμο μὲ κατακτητικὲς διαθέσεις, ὅπως οἱ «κογκιστατόρες» (κατακτητές) τῆς εὐρωπαϊκῆς ἀποικιοκρατίας. (Οἱ χῶρες – μπανανίες στενάζουν ἀκόμη κάτω ἀπὸ τὴν τυραννία κάποιων εὐρωπαϊκῶν χωρῶν). Ὁ Ἑλληνισμὸς δὲν ὑποδουλώνει, ἀλλὰ ἐλευθερώνει καὶ συνδοξάζεται μαζὶ μὲ τοὺς ἄλλους.
Ἡ ἑλληνικὴ οἰκουμενικότητα, μὲ βάση τὸν πολιτισμὸ (Μ. Ἀλέξανδρος), μεταμορφώνεται σὲ Χριστιανικὴ Οἰκουμενικότητα μὲ τὴν μεταλλαγὴ τῆς Ρωμαϊκῆς αὐτοκρατορίας σὲ χριστιανικὴ (Μ. Κωνσταντῖνος). Μ. Ἀλέξανδρος καὶ Μ. Κωνσταντῖνος εἶναι οἱ δυὸ ὄντως μεγάλοι ἡγέτες τῆς Ἑλληνικότητας στοὺς αἰῶνες. Καὶ οἱ δυὸ καταφάσκουν τὴν ἑτερότητα καὶ ἰδιαιτερότητα τῶν ἄλλων λαῶν καὶ τοὺς ἑνοποιοῦν, ὁ πρῶτος με τὸν πολιτισμό, ὁ δεύτερος μέσα στὴν Ὀρθόδοξη πίστη. Ποτὲ ὁ αὐθεντικὸς Ἕλληνας δὲν θὰ φθάσει σὲ φυλετικὲς – ρατσιστικὲς διακρίσεις. Γνωρίζοντας τὸν ἑαυτόν του, ἀναγνωρίζει καὶ τοὺς μὴ Ἕλληνες ἐκ καταγωγῆς, κάνοντας καὶ αὐτοὺς συνέλληνες καὶ πνευματικοὺς ἀδελφούς του. Ἂν ὁ Ἕλληνας Ἰσοκράτης θὰ διακηρύξει, ὅτι κύριο στοιχεῖο τῆς Ἑλληνικότητας εἶναι ἡ «ἑλληνικὴ παίδευσις», ἔτσι καὶ ὁ ἑλληνοποιημένος πολιτιστικὰ Ἀπ. Πέτρος θὰ διακηρύξει, ὅτι «ἐν παντὶ ἔθνει ὁ φοβούμενος τὸν Θεὸν καὶ ἐργαζόμενος δικαιοσύνην δεκτὸς αὐτῷ ἐστίν» (Πράξ. 10,35). Ἡ χάρη τῆς Πεντηκοστῆς, στὴν ὁποία βαπτίσθηκε καὶ ὁ Ἑλληνισμός, ἑνώνει ὅλον τὸν κόσμο («εἰς ἑνότητα πάντας ἐκάλεσεν»), καταργώντας κάθε διαφορὰ – καρπὸ τῆς ἀνθρώπινης ἁμαρτίας. Ὁ Ἑλληνισμὸς μέσα στὸ σῶμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ, τὴν Ἐκκλησία, συναδελφώνεται καὶ ἀδελφοποιεῖται μὲ κάθε λαὸ («οὐκ ἔνι Ἕλλην καὶ Ἰουδαῖος», Κολ. 3,11) σὲ μία ποίμνη (Ἰω. 10, 16), μὲ Ποιμένα τὸν Χριστό.
Ὁ Χριστιανὸς Ἕλληνας
Αὐτὰ εἶναι βασικὰ στοιχεῖα τῆς αὐθεντικῆς Ἑλληνικότητας (ἡ μὴ αὐθεντικὴ εἶναι ὁ γραικυλισμός), ποὺ ὁλοκληρώθηκε μέσα στὴν Χριστιανικότητα ὡς Ὀρθοδοξία. Καὶ αὐτὰ εἶναι τὰ πανανθρώπινα λυτρωτικὰ μηνύματα στὸν σημερινὸ κόσμο ἀπὸ τὴν Χριστιανικὴ – Ὀρθόδοξη Ἑλληνικότητα, εἶναι ἡ προσφορὰ τοῦ Ἑλληνισμοῦ στὴν ἀνθρωπότητα, ποὺ ὁλοκληρώνεται ἐν Χριστῷ ὡς «καινός» (νέος, ἀναγεννημένος) ἄνθρωπος καὶ «καινή» ἀνθρώπινη κοινωνία. Ὡς ἄνθρωπος τῆς Χάρης, ποὺ μπορεῖ νὰ συμπήξει καὶ κοινωνία ἁγιότητας, δηλαδὴ ἀνιδιοτέλειας, ἰσότητας -ἀδελφικότητας – δικαιοσύνης.
Σ᾿ αὐτὸ ἀκριβῶς τὸ σημεῖο ἀποκαλύπτεται ἡ πλάνη δυὸ τάσεων, ποὺ ἐντάθηκαν στὴν ἐποχή μας. Εἶναι πρῶτα ἡ γραικυλικὴ «οἰκουμενικότητα», ποὺ ζητεῖ τὴν ἰσοπέδωση τῶν ἐθνῶν (ἄρνηση τῶν ἰδιαιτεροτήτων τους) γιὰ τὴν δημιουργία τῆς νεοεποχικῆς παγκόσμιας κοινωνίας, ποὺ δὲν θὰ εἶναι παρὰ ἡ κατίσχυση τοῦ Δυτικοῦ συστήματος ζωῆς ὡς νεοαποικιοκρατικῆ πλημμυρίδα, στὰ ὅρια μιᾶς δολοφονικῆς γιὰ τὴν ἀνθρωπότητα ἰσοπεδωτικῆς ὁμοιομορφίας. Ὁ ὀρθόδοξος Ἑλληνισμὸς ὅμως ἔχει τὸ δικό του νόημα ζωῆς, ὡς ὀρθόδοξη νοηματοδότηση τῆς ζωῆς, ποὺ σῴζει τὴν αὐθεντικὴ σχέση ἀνθρωπίνου προσώπου καὶ κοινωνικῆς ὁμάδας, κάτι ποὺ ὁραματίσθηκε ὁ Πλάτων στὸν «Παρμενίδη» του καὶ γνώρισε ὡς Χριστιανὸς ὁ Ἕλληνας στὸ σῶμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ, τὴν Ἐκκλησία.
Τὸ πρόσωπο πραγματώνεται καὶ ὁλοκληρώνεται (ὡς πρόσωπο) μέσα στὴν ἐκκλησία τῶν Ἁγίων, καὶ ἡ ὁμάδα (Ἐκκλησία) ὑπάρχει ὡς κοινωνία Θεουμένων – Προσώπων, δηλαδὴ προσωπικοτήτων.
Ἄλλη ἀναίρεση τοῦ Ἑλληνισμοῦ σήμερα εἶναι ἡ μανικὴ ἀρχαιολατρία ἢ καλύτερα ἀρχαιοπληξία, ἀναβίωση τῆς προσπάθειας τοῦ αὐτοκράτορα Ἰουλιανοῦ (361). Πρακτικὰ ἐκφράζεται ὡς προσπάθεια ἀποσύνδεσης τοῦ Ἑλληνισμοῦ ἀπὸ τὴν Ὀρθοδοξία, ποὺ θεωρεῖται ἐσφαλμένα ὡς «ἑβραϊκὴ αἵρεση», ἐνῷ, ὅπως εἴδαμε, ἤδη ὁ Ἀπ. Παῦλος ἀπελευθέρωσε τὸν Χριστιανισμὸ ἀπὸ κάθε κίνδυνο ἐπιρροῆς τοῦ φαρισαϊκοῦ Ἰουδαϊσμοῦ, συνδέοντάς τον μὲ τὴν Ἑλληνικότητα. Ἀρχαῖος Ἑλληνισμός, ὅπως τὸν νοοῦν οἱ ἀρχαιολάτρες μας, δὲν μπορεῖ πιὰ νὰ ὑπάρξει, χωρὶς αὐτοκτονία τοῦ Ἑλληνισμοῦ, ποὺ δοξάσθηκε καὶ δοξάζεται μέσα στὴν Ὀρθοδοξία. Ὁ Ὀρθόδοξος Ἑλληνισμός, ταυτισμένος μὲ τὴν ἐν Χριστῷ ἔνσαρκη Ἀλήθεια, συνεχίζει νὰ φωτίζει λυτρωτικὰ τὸν κόσμο, νοηματοδώντας τὸν κόσμο καὶ τὴν Ἱστορία μὲ τὸν δικό του τρόπο, καὶ γι᾿ αὐτὸ ἔχοντας τὴν δική του πρόταση ζωῆς καὶ σωτηρίας.




Superlative ‼️🕊️
Metaxas argued the Greek philosphers were forerunners of Christianity,
something also held by islam. (The even consider Alexander a prophet.)
Basil and Gregory were classmates at Aristotle’s university at Athens.
Florovsky was driven out of the OCA for arguing in favor of “Sacred Hellenism”,
which he also distinguished from “Profane Hellenism”. Florovsky then joined
our Patriarchate. We have to appreciate that various varieties of Russian
Orthodoxy all want to diminish the primacy of our patriarchate so Moscow
may claim it, whereas the Greeks enevr accepted the concept of “third Rome”
It is a very complex journey of how Hellenic Christian Orthodox developed under Roman Rule for over two
thousand years ago. The significant factor of the dynamic The Hellenic Language, this was the instrument by its creative distribution to convert to Christianity,
its myriad citizens Jews and Gentiles alike, during the Hellenistic Age. The very source of the Hellenic alphabet, its defining structure is a product of the Ancient Greek Civilization, without it ,Christianity would not have gotten to first base. The Septuagint was translated from Hebrew to Koine Greek in Alexandria under Titus around the 2nd century BC-Why? The Foundations of The Palia Diathaki -Jewish Bible- introduced into the Greco-Roman World. Why? Was it for the Hellenistic Jews or for the Hellenes?
Why did Apostle Paul risk his life to carry the message – to preach Christology to the sophisticated Hellenes
of the classical age to Corinth, Thessaloniki, Cyprus -Rome? Why? The Christian message- why was it so important when his own people of many factions, namely the Jews Rejected the resurrection??
As modern Greeks we are a product of both vast civilizations from the Christian Byzantines and the Ancient
Greek Civilization which composes our unique identity. At times it instills and defines our faith and other times it diametrically opposes our historic ancient world the topos’ the source of our Hellenic Language.
The Foundation of Christianity is of a Jewish construct, since Christ was a Jew as were his followers and supporters-all circumcised god-fearing Jews that penetrated into the Greco-Roman World during the Hellenistic Age. Twelve Apostles- Twelve Greek Gods? Christ died at thirty-three years old as Alexander The Great died at thirty-three- a coincidence perhaps?? The article describes the Hellenization of the Judaic Religion – this combination has evolved through the years by inspiration to sustain Greek Orthodoxy.
The Pope at the Vatican and the Patriarch at Constantinople are perennially and phenomenally connected to
the Old Hebrew Bible upon accepting eventually the Doctrines of the New Testament.
Accept my correction on Titus , it was he, who destroyed Jerusalem in 70AD- about 300 years earlier 2ndBC under Ptolemy II-(just came back from 7 month visit to my place of Birth Thebes Greece, still jet legging)
The initial Greek Bible as we know it today was translated To Greek from Hebrew Text known by scholars as the
“The Septuagint” in Alexandria Egypt during the Hellenistic Period. Why Alexandria? Alexander The Great was a hero and a savior for the Jews as he did not conquer them from his military campaigns. The Jews were constantly attacked by the Romans- they could not own property-limited rights, as where the Greeks even though they were subjects of the Roman Empire were a cultured civilization that the Romans Admired by sending their students to Athens to learn the Hellenic Language and Philosophy. It is only my opinion at this time. My conjecture for Jewish
Survival from the Cruel Romans, they could only be compromised by the perpetual spiritual Hellenic Language -through religion, in order to be saved as they lacked a vociferous army to challenge the Occupying Romans-The Dynamic Greek Language was their only option to survive with the Universal Significant Philanthropic Philosophy by the teachings of Christology. Upon Constantine The Great’s Validation of accepting
Christianity as the new religion of the Roman Empire the Jews were not exposed to extinction.
The Christian Hellenes did not accept the skull cap nor the un-natural unmarried clergy as the Roman=Catholics did to avoid indecency in their sexuality identity. However, Professor Dimitris Liadinis
from the University of Athens eventually exhausted himself from his theories on Hellenism vs Judaism to
repel himself from the planet. The Jews Won the race, by historically dominating their influence on the
international stage from the Alexandrian Experience in advancing their own religious and geo-political security. Please consider the crucial fact that it took over 600 years from the death of Alexander the Great BC at 33 years old until 325 AD for Constantine The Great to diminish The Glorious Hellenic Civilization and obscure
its divinity in acceptance of the New Testament as a consequence of the OLD Hebrew Bible.
The perennial resiliency of Jewish survivorship is the most honorable example of patriotism beyond any race known in history! Why? After WWII -the tragic holocaust they endured and created the state of Israel in 1948 within a few years from Hitler’s catastrophic horror events -they have advanced to control US Foreign
Policy in the Middle East /GAZA etc. while the Heroic Greeks of OXI Day Oct 28 1940 , their survivors are unable are impotent to recover WWII Reparations from the ruins and sacrifices from WWII- Shameful Historical Episode!!